Getting Started with Node.js Worker Thread

Node.js is known to be single-threaded, allowing for the execution of single command at a given time. For example, executing processor intensive server-side code may block the event loop, slowing the execution of other subsequent requests.

1. Introduction

For us to solve this problem, the worker threads module was introduced in Node.js v10.5.

In this tutorial, we will walk through the concepts of the worker thread, how it works and how it’ll help us perform CPU-intensive tasks without blocking other requests.

2. Prerequisites

1. Node.js installed in your development environment
2. Basics of JavaScript synchronous and asynchronous programming.
3. Solid understanding of how Node.js works.

3. Objectives

At the end of this Node.js worker threads, you should be able to:

• Understand how Node.js worker threads work.
• Use worker threads.
• Get the best out of worker threads.
• Understand the concept of worker thread pooling.

4. Exploring the worker thread API in Node.js

Node.js comes with the worker_threads module. This module helps in running JavaScript codes in parallel.
Worker threads are responsible for handling CPU-intensive tasks by transferring ArrayBuffer instances.

They have proven to be the best solution for CPU performance due to the following features:

1. They run a single process with multiple threads.
2. Executing one event loop per thread.
3. Running single JS Engine instance per thread.
4. Executing single Node.js instance per thread.

5. How worker threads work

The worker thread works by executing a piece of code specified by the main thread. Each worker executes in isolation from other workers. However, these workers can pass a message back and forth as required via a message channel.

Parent worker uses the worker.postMessage() to write message to a channel while child worker uses parentPort.postMessage() function.

Since JavaScript doesn’t support concurrency, Node.js worker makes use of V8 allowing the worker to run in complete isolation from other existing workers.

6. Using worker threads

In this section, let’s create a worker thread example and pass it on to some dummy data.

//add this code snippet to main.js

const { Worker } = require('worker_threads')

const runService = (WorkerData) => {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    
        // import workerExample.js script..
    
        const worker = new Worker('./workerExample.js', { WorkerData });
        worker.on('message', resolve);
        worker.on('error', reject);
        worker.on('exit', (code) => {
            if (code !== 0)
                reject(new Error(`stopped with  ${code} exit code`));
        })
    })
}

const run = async () => {
    const result = await runService('hello John Doe')
    console.log(result);
}

run().catch(err => console.error(err))

// add this to workerExample.js file.
const { WorkerData, parentPort } = require('worker_threads')
parentPort.postMessage({ welcome: WorkerData })

Output

{ welcome: 'hello John Doe' }

In our main.js script, we begin by importing Worker from worker_threads, then passing the data(filename) for the worker to process.

The next step involves listening to message events from the worker thread as seen in the workerExample.js service.

This worker service has the WorkerData sent from our main application and a way to send back processed data via parentPort. This object (parentPort) has postMessage() that we use to pass processed data.

Worker threads also provide ways to share a memory, using the SharedArrayBuffer instances as we had seen before. Remember sharing memory could also be achieved by transferring ArrayBuffer instances.

7. Creating and executing new workers

In this section, let’s take a look at CPU intensive example, generating a Fibonacci sequence.

This task, if generated without the worker threads, would block the main thread as the nth term increases.

//
In your `index.js` file, add the following:
const {Worker} = require("worker_threads");

let number = 10;

const worker = new Worker("./myWorker.js", {workerData: {num: number}});

worker.once("message", result => {
    console.log(`${number}th Fibonacci No: ${result}`);
});

worker.on("error", error => {
    console.log(error);
});

worker.on("exit", exitCode => {
    console.log(`It exited with code ${exitCode}`);
})

console.log("Execution in main thread");

//add this script in myWorker.js file
const {parentPort, workerData} = require("worker_threads");

parentPort.postMessage(getFibonacciNumber(workerData.num))

function getFibonacciNumber(num) {
    if (num === 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    else if (num === 1) {
        return 1;
    }
    else {
        return getFibonacciNumber(num - 1) + getFibonacciNumber(num - 2);
    }
}

Output

Execution in the main thread
10th Fibonacci No: 55
It exited with code 0

In the index.js file, we create a worker thread from an instance of the Worker class as we had seen in the previous example.

To get results, we listen to 3 events,

• message that is executed when a worker posts a message.
• exit event that is being triggered in case the worker stops the execution.
• error is triggered when an error occurs.

Our last line in the index.js,

console.log("Execution in main thread");

This is an execution in the main thread that would be executed as we wait for the results from the worker as seen in the above output.

We can therefore handle any other task without worrying about blocking the main thread as long as a CPU intensive task is handled in the worker thread.

8. Conclusion

Node.ja has always been criticized due to its performance when it comes to CPU-intensive tasks. The introduction of worker threads has improved the power of Node.js by effectively taking care of these shortcomings.

For more information about worker threads, visit its official documentation here.

Happy coding!